# PT-141 References: The Cited Bremelanotide Literature

> PT-141 references: the full cited bremelanotide record — preclinical pharmacology, the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the 52-week extension, the fMRI mechanism study, the FDA label, and recent 2024-2025 work, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources — preclinical pharmacology, the Phase 3 program, the mechanism imaging, the FDA label, and recent literature.

## How to read this list

The PT-141 references below carry every source cited across this digest, numbered to match the inline markers on each page. Peer-reviewed primary research and the FDA structured product label anchor the quantitative claims; the 2024-2025 conference abstracts are included at their stated lower evidence tier and labeled as such in the body. Where a record has a DOI, PMID, or NCT number, it is given so any claim can be traced to its source.

## Primary research, trials, and the label

The numbered entries appear in the references index that accompanies this page. They include the foundational melanocortin-agonist pharmacology [1], the female-rat solicitational-behavior study [2], the two RECONNECT Phase 3 trials [3], the 52-week open-label extension [4], the crossover fMRI mechanism study [5], the US prescribing information [6], the prespecified subgroup analyses [7], the approval-era drug review [8], the expert pharmacotherapy evaluation [9], and the patient-experience analysis [10].

## Recent literature, 2024-2025

More recent work is included with its evidence tier marked: a 2025 female-Syrian-hamster mechanistic analysis reporting that the drug did not enhance sexual reward in that model [12], a 2024 sexual-medicine-clinic abstract on off-label male use [13], a 2025 comparative-analysis abstract across female-sexual-dysfunction therapies [14], and a 2025 review situating bremelanotide among novel pharmacologic treatments of female sexual dysfunction [15]. The conference abstracts [12][13][14] sit below peer-reviewed full text and are described accordingly.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, Muzi B, Patel B, Alexander EC, Suladze S, Modi M, Eng PC, Bassett PA, Abbara A, Goldmeier D, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[7] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Goldstein I, Lucas J, Jordan R, Spana C, Clayton AH. Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2022;31(3):391-400. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35230162/
[8] Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31893927/
[9] Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36242769/
[10] Koochaki P, Revicki D, Wilson H, Pokrzywinski R, Jordan R, Lucas J, Williams LA. The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(4):587-595. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538638/
[11] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction (combination rationale with PDE-5 inhibitors). Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[12] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[13] Goldstein I, et al. (227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic. J Sex Med. 2024;21(Suppl 1):qdae001.217. [Conference abstract; lower evidence tier.] https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdae001.217
[14] Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025;22(Suppl 4):qdaf320.390. [Conference abstract; lower evidence tier.] https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf320.390
[15] How A, Simon JA. Novel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2025;68(1):10-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39846877/

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A forward-leaning read of the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — the central-desire mechanism and the Phase 3 promise carried at full optimism, while the approved-for-premenopausal-HSDD-only boundary, the modest effect, and the nausea-led tolerability cost are stated first and the field reports are sealed off behind their own dashed border; no clinic behind the signal and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.